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Political Systems --- Science --- 572.026 --- history --- Cultural factors. Degree of civilization. --- HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 19th CENT. --- HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 20TH CENT. --- POLITICAL SYSTEMS --- SCIENCE --- 572.026 Cultural factors. Degree of civilization. --- history. --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History of medicine, 19th cent. --- History of medicine, 20th cent. --- Political systems --- History.

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Based on research in three languages, this text traces the origins of modern medical specialization to 1830s Paris & examines the spread of the concept to Germany, Great Britain and the U.S., showing how it evolved from an outgrowth of academic teaching & research into the dominant mode of medical practice.

Medicine --- Health Workforce --- Specialties and specialists --- History. --- Specialties, Medical --- Government Regulation --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- Specialism --- history

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Outside back cover : "Scientists' understanding of two central problems in neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy has been greatly influenced by the work of David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel : What is it to see? This relates to the machinery that underlies visual perception, How do we acquire the brain's mechanisms for vision? This is the nature-nurture question as to whether the nerve connections responsible for vision are innate or whether they develop through experience in the early life of an animal or human. This is a book about the collaboration between Hubel and Wiesel, which began in 1958, lasted until about 1982, and led to a Nobel Prize in 1981. It opens with short autobiographies of both men, describes the state of the field when they started, and tells about the beginnings of their collaboration. It emphasizes the importance of various mentors in their lives, especially Stephen W. Kuffler, who opened up the field by studying the cat retina in 1950, and founded the department of neurobiology at Harvard Medical School, where most of their work was done. The main part of the book consists of Hubel and Wiesel's most important publications. Each reprinted paper is preceded by a foreword that tells how they went about the research, what the difficulties and the pleasures were, and whether they felt a paper was important and why. Each is also followed by an afterword describing how the paper was received and what developments have occurred since its publication. The reader learns things that are often absent from typical scientific publications, including whether the work was difficult, fun, personally rewarding, exhilarating, or just plain tedious. The book ends with a summing-up of the authors' view of the present state of the field. This is much more than a collection of reprinted papers. Above all it tells the story of an unusual scientific collaboration that was hugely enjoyable and served to transform an entire branch of neurobiology. It will appeal to neuroscientists, vision scientists, biologists, psychologists, physicists, historians of science, and to their students and trainees, at all levels from high school on, as well as anyone else who is interested in the scientific process."

Physiology of nerves and sense organs --- Visual pathways. --- Visual perception. --- Voies optiques --- Perception visuelle --- #KVHB:Perceptie --- #KVHB:Visuele waarneming --- Visual pathways --- Visual perception --- Optics, Psychological --- Vision --- Perception --- Visual discrimination --- Visual system --- Afferent pathways --- Psychological aspects --- Visual Perception - physiology - United States --- Biomedical Research - history - United States --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. - United States --- Visual Perception --- Biomedical Research --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent.

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Between the years 1850 and 1950, Americans became the leading energy consumers on the planet, expending tremendous physical resources on energy exploration, mental resources on energy exploitation, and monetary resources on energy acquisition. A unique combination of pseudoscientific theories of health and the public’s rudimentary understanding of energy created an age in which sources of industrial power seemed capable of curing the physical limitations and ill health that plagued Victorian bodies. Licensed and “quack” physicians alike promoted machines, electricity, and radium as invigorating cures, veritable “fountains of youth” that would infuse the body with energy and push out disease and death.The Body Electric is the first book to place changing ideas about fitness and gender in dialogue with the popular culture of technology. Whether through wearing electric belts, drinking radium water, or lifting mechanized weights, many Americans came to believe that by embracing the nation's rapid march to industrialization, electrification, and “radiomania,” their bodies would emerge fully powered. Only by uncovering this belief’s passions and products, Thomas de la Peña argues, can we fully understand our culture’s twentieth-century energy enthusiasm.

History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- Exercise Therapy --- Electric Stimulation Therapy --- Electrotherapeutics --- Electrotherapeutics --- Medical instruments and apparatus --- Medical instruments and apparatus --- Quacks and quackery --- Quacks and quackery --- history. --- history. --- History --- History --- History --- History --- History --- History

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Medicine --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- Periodicals --- History of medicine --- Medical journals --- History. --- history --- United kingdom --- British Medical Association --- British medical journal --- British medical journal. --- Medical journals. --- United kingdom. --- Great Britain --- History --- 19th century --- 20th century